Fluid Mechanics
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Fluid Mechanics
Environmental fluid mechanics and hydrology deal primarily with the occurrence and movement of water and other fluids on the surface of the earth. Civil engineering applications of this discipline traditionally deal with river engineering, the hydrology of surface drainage and runoff, pipelines and conveyance systems, groundwater, flooding and its prevention, coastal processes and nearshore oceanography, hydroelectric generation, water supply and distribution, and fluid measurement.
A calculus-based course that explores the properties of fluids in various states and their reaction to forces acting on them in the context of practical engineering systems. Topics include: fluid behavior and fluid properties; hydrostatic pressure and forces; buoyancy and stability; conservation of mass, momentum, and energy; control volumes and system representations; dimensional analysis and similitude; scale analysis and modeling; internal and external flows; laminar and turbulent flows; fluid flow in pipes and ducts; friction, major losses, and minor losses; boundary layer characteristics, drag, and lift.
Researchers at Maryland are performing both fundamental and applied investigations into the kinematics and dynamics of complex fluid flows including the creation of high-fidelity turbulence simulations for routine applications to real-world problems.
Manufacturing processes that can create extremely small machines have been developed in recent years. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) refer to devices that have characteristic length of less than 1 mm but more than 1 micron, that combine electrical and mechanical components and that are fabricated using integrated circuit batch-processing techniques. Electrostatic, magnetic, pneumatic and thermal actuators, motors, valves, gears, and tweezers of less than 100-μm size have been fabricated. These have been used as sensors for pressure, temperature, mass flow, velocity and sound, as actuators for linear and angular motions, and as simple components for complex systems such as micro-heat-engines and micro-heat-pumps. The technology is progressing at a rate that far exceeds that of our understanding of the unconventional physics involved in the operation as well as the manufacturing of those minute devices. The primary objective of this article is to critically review the status of our understanding of fluid flow phenomena particular to microdevices. In terms of applications, the paper emphasizes the use of MEMS as sensors and actuators for flow diagnosis and control.
The EFML has three major experimental research facilities and a set of smaller facilities. The major facilities include two large wave-current flumes and a stratified flow tank for studying internal gravity waves. Research using the two large wave-current flumes can document flows over coral reefs, kelp forests and sea-grass, reflecting the ever-growing interest in biological fluid mechanics in the EFML, which is now regarded as a national leader in biological fluid mechanics for environmental flows. The laboratory has state-of-the-art laboratory-scale measurement capabilities, including PIV (particle image velocimetry), PLIF (planar laser-induced fluorescence), laser-Doppler anemometry and acoustic-Doppler velocimetry.
The EFML is also home to state-of-the-art field instrumentation used to understand numerous complex environmental flows, such as waves breaking over coral reefs, mixing and transport in kelp forests and sea grass canopies, internal gravity waves in lakes and coastal seas, and sediment transport in lakes and estuaries. Instrumentation is available to measure currents and turbulence with ADCPs (acoustic Doppler current profilers) and ADVs (acoustic Doppler velocimeters); temperature and salinity with thermistors and CTD sensors (conductivity, temperature, depth); suspended sediment concentrations with OBSs (optical backscatter sensors), a LISST (Laser In Situ Scattering and Transmissometer) and